Monsieur D'Olive Glossary & Appendices

accidence (n): (1) the part of Grammar which treats of the Accidents or inflections of words: a book of the rudiments of grammar. FS (1-MWW); Nashe Almond for a Parrot, Will Sommers. (2) hap, mishap, chance, fortuitous circumstance. NFS. Cf. Dekker King's Enter. Chapman D'Olive, both meanings may apply.

Acheron: a lake of fire in the underworld. Featured in Kyd Sp Tr, other Elizabethan drama, including Titus Andronicus, (anon.) Dr. Dodypoll and Willobie His Avisa, with overtones recalling passages in Matthew and Revelations favored by Shakespeare.

adamant (n): alleged mineral, ascribed with the hard, unbreakable properties of a diamond; others ascribed to it properties of the lodestone or magnet. Golding uses both meanings, according to need. FS (3-1H6, MND, T&C); Golding Ovid; others. Common.

affright (v): terrify. FS (17); Watson Hekatompathia; Lyly Love's Met; Kyd Cornelia; Marlowe Edw2; Nashe Menaphon (1st OED citation); (anon.) Woodstock, Penelope, Leicester's Gh; Munday Huntington; Chapman D'Olive.

ambassage/embassage (n): message, messenger, mission. FS (7-Rich3, LLL, Rich2, Ado, Edw3, Sonnet 26); Lyly Campaspe; Marlowe T1; Greene Orl Fur; Chapman D'Olive; (anon.) Fam Vic, Dr. Dodypoll, Leic Gh.

Antipodes (n): land or peoples on opposite side of the earth; sometimes Irish. FS (5-3H6, Rich2, MND, MV, Ado); Chapman D'Olive.

Atropos: One of the three fates; Atropos cut the thread of life. FS (2H4); Greene Maiden's Dr; Chapman D'Olive..

baggage (n): worthless or vile fellow or woman, wanton. FS (4-Errors, MWW, Pericles); Chapman D'Olive; (disp.) Maiden's; Middleton Maid, Quarrel, Roaring Girl.

beray (v): stain, befoul, covered with abuse. FS (Titus). Cf. Golding Ovid;1576 Gascoigne Steele Gl; Chapman D'Olive.

beshrew [part of an imprecation]: curse. FS (31); Chapman D'Olive; many others.

bough-pot (n): vessel to hold boughs; also flower pot. NFS. Cf. Chapman D'Olive

brazen head (n): in several Elizabethan works, a "brazen head" is used as a man-made oracle or source of wisdom. NFS. Cf. Churchyard poem (Cardanus); Greene Alphonsus, Fr Bacon; Chapman D'Olive. Not found in the OED.

canvas (v): punish by tossing in a canvas sheet. FS (1H6, 2H4); Chapman D'Olive.

cardecu (n): old French silver coin, worth 14 of the gold cu, or 15 sous tournois. NFS. Cf. Chapman D'Olive.

cater trey: the four and the three; hence, apparently, a cant term for dice (or ? falsified dice). NFS. Cf. Lyly Pappe; Chapman D'Olive.

chap/chappe (n): jaw. FS (7); Golding Ovid; Munday Huntington; Chapman D'Olive. Heminge's Post. OED contemp citations: 1555 Eden Decades W. Ind; 1575 Turberv. Bk. Venerie

conceipt (v): apprehend, form a conception or notion of. FS (JC); Greene Orl Fur, Menapohon, Vision; Marston Ant.&Mel; Chapman D'Olive.

consort [of music] (n): combination of voices or instruments. FS (1-TGV); Marlowe T1 (1st OED citation); (disp.) Greene's Groat; Chapman D'Olive.

conventicles (n): assembly, meeting. FS (2-2H6, Edw3); Udall Erasmus; Greene Never Too Late; Nashe Absurdity, Penniless; Drayton et al Oldcastle; Chapman D'Olive.

corsie (n): cause of grief, grievance. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid; Chapman D'Olive.

foretop (n): (1) crown of the head. NFS. (2) lock of hair that grows on the front of the crown, or is placed similarly on a wig. NFS. Cf. Marston Scourge Villainie; Chapman D'Olive.

frame (v): prepare, create, arrange. FS (many); Golding Ovid; Edwards Dam&Pith; Lyly Gallathea, Sapho; (anon.) Leir; Chapman D'Olive. Common.

frolic (a): merry. FS (MND?); Lodge Wounds, Greene Fr Bacon, Kyd Sp Tr; Lyly Midas; Marlowe Faustus; (disp.) Cromwell; (anon.) Leir, Mucedorus; Nashe Saffron; Chapman D'Olive.

frows/froes/frowes (n): women, maenaeds, often Dutch or German, may refer to Bacchantes. NFS. Cf. Golding Ovid; Pasquil Return; (anon.) Penelope; Chapman D'Olive.

fulloms, low and high: loaded dice. FS (MWW); (anon.) Nobody/Somebody; Chapman D'Olive.

galliass (n): heavy, low-built vessel, larger than a galley, impelled both by sail and oars, chiefly employed in war. FS (Shrew); Chapman D'Olive.

gambrel (n): hooked stick, possibly for hanging clothes. NFS. Cf. Chapman D'Olive (2d OED citation).

gourd: kind of false dice. FS (MWW); (anon.) Nobody/Somebody; Chapman D'Olive.

gull (n): (1) fool, dupe. FS (Rich3, 12th); Nashe Terrors; Dekker Satiromax; Marston Pasquil. (2) trick. (3) trickster. Cf. Chapman D'Olive.

Helicon, Mount: mountain in Boetia sacred to the muses. Often referred to in Elizabethan literature. FS (2H4); Golding Ovid; many others.

hempstring (n): one who deserves the halter (hanging). NFS. Cf. Gascoigne Supposes (1st OED citation); Chapman D'Olive.

imp (n): child of. FS (2-2H4, H5); Golding Ovid; (anon.) Leir; Chapman D'Olive.

imp out (v): (1) fill in, enlarge. NFS. Cf. Chapman D'Olive (2d OED citation). (2) in falconry, engraft a wing with feathers, strengthen or improve the flight of. FS (Rich2); Lyly Euphues (1st OED citation).

horse [hobby horse] (n): prostitute, loose woman. FS (6-LLL, Ado, WT, Ham, Oth); Greene Cony; (disp.) Greene's Groat; Nashe Summers; Jonson Revels; Chapman D'Olive.

intelligencer (n): spy, agent. FS (2-Rich3, 2H4); (anon.) Woodstock; Nashe Penniless, Almond, Saffron; Harvey 3d Letter, Pierce's Super.

iwis/ywus (adv): surely. FS (4-Rich3, Shrew, MV, Pericles); Golding Ovid; Sundrie Flowers; (anon.) Ironside, Willobie Nobody/Somebody, Penelope; Nashe Almond; (disp.) Harvey 4 Letters; (disp.) Cromwell; Chapman D'Olive. Common.

jack (n): on a harpsichord/virginal, bits of wood which rose as the keys were pressed down. FS (Sonnet 128); Chapman D'Olive.

kibe (n): chapped or ulcerated chilblain or sore, esp. one on the heel. FS (4-MWW, Ham, Lear, Temp); Chapman D'Olive.

meinie/meynie (n): (1) family, household. NFS. Golding Abraham; Chapman D'Olive.

outrecuidance (n): Excessive self-esteem; arrogance; conceit, presumption. NFS. Cf. Chapman D'Olive.

pitch (n): highest point in a falcon's flight. FS (2-1H6, Titus); Marlowe T2; Harvey Pierce's Super; (anon.) Ironside; Nashe Saffron; Munday More; Chapman D'Ol.

predicable (n, a): That which may be predicted. NFS. Cf. Florio Predicable (a); Chapman D'Olive (OED missed this first use as a noun).

quacksalver (n): an ignorant person who professes a knowledge of medicine or of wonderful remedies. NFS. Cf. Gosson Sch Abuse; Daniel, Queen's Arcadia; Jonson Volpone.

ring: possible ref. to female genitalia/double meaning; in Shakespeare often with "precious". FS (Errors, Titus, Lear); Lyly Woman ... Moon; Marlowe Jew/Malta; Nashe Summers; (disp.) Greene's Groat; Pasquil Countercuff; (anon.) Dodypoll, Leic Gh; Chapman D'Olive.

rout (n): company, crowd. FS (10); Golding Ovid, Abraham; Brooke Romeus; Marlowe T2, Edw2; Lyly Whip; Greene Maiden's Dream; Drayton et al Oldcastle; Chettle Kind Hart; (anon.) Locrine, Penelope, Leic Gh; Chapman D'Olive.

sconce (n): (1) head, skull; (2) ability, wit. FS (6-Errors, Ham, Corio); Cf. Edwards Dam&Pith; Lyly Endymion, Bombie (OED missed citation); Greene Cony; G. Harvey New Let; Chapman D'Olive.

skill (v): (1) matter, care. FS (3-Shrew, 12th, 2H6); Golding Ovid; Lyly Campaspe, Endymion, Love's Met, Gallathea; Greene Fr Bac; Chettle Kind Hart; (anon.) Fam Vic, Ironside, Leir; Leic Gh; (disp.) Greene's Groat; Chapman D'Olive.

sooths (n): truths, sometimes flattery. FS (Rich2, Pericles); Chapman D'Olive; ,many others.

sort (v): (1) agree. FS (3H6); (anon.) Leir. (2) fit. FS (3H6). (3) result, come about. NFS. Cf. Marlowe Edw2; Chapman D'Olive.

stammel (n): red woolen cloth. NFS. Cf. Greene Fr Bac; Chapman D'Olive; Chapman, Marston, Jonson Eastward Ho.

swing (n): period of time. NFS. Cf. Chapman D'Olive (OED missed 2d citation).

theorbo (n): large kind of lute with a double neck and two sets of tuning-pegs, the lower holding the melody strings and the upper the bass strings; much in vogue in the 17th century. NFS. Cf. Chapman All Fools (1st OED citation), D'Olive,

Thracian harper: Orpheus, a musician whose singing could charm beasts, trees and rocks. Sailed with the Argonauts to Colchis. Journeyed to hell to rescue Eurydice. Torn apart by Maenads; his head, which had been thrown into the river Hebrus, floated still singing to the sea and was carried to Lesbos. FS (3-MV, H8, Lucrece); Golding Ovid; Kyd Sp Tr; (anon.) Locrine; Chapman D'Olive.

train (n, v): (1) trap. FS (5-1H5, Errors, Rich3, Mac); Golding Ovid; Gascoigne Jocasta; Lyly Gallathea, Kyd Sp Tr, Sol&Per; Marlowe Edw2; Chettle Kind Hart; Drayton et al Oldcastle; Spenser FQ; (anon.) Willobie, Penelope; Chapman D'Olive. (2) train (n): plan. FS (many); (anon.) Nobody/Somebody.

vaulting-house (n): brothel. NFS. Cf. Lodge Wits Miserie (1st OED citation); Chapman D'Olive.

verjuice (n): acid juice of green or unripe grapes, crab-apples, or other sour fruit, expressed and formed into a liquor; formerly much used in cooking, as a condiment, or for medicinal purposes. NFS. Cf. Chapman D'Olive.

verser (n): One of a gang of cozeners or swindlers. NFS. Cf. Greene Disc. Cosenage; Chapman D'Olive; Nashe Strange News. 1550 Dice-Play (Percy Soc.) 38 He lightly hath in his company a man of more worship than himself, that hath the countenance of a possessioner of land, and he is called the verser. 1591 Greene Discov. Cosenage 1 There bee requisite effectually to act the Art of Conny-catching, three seuerall parties: The Setter, the Verser, and the Barnackle. Ibid. 3 Imagine the Connie is in the Tauerne, then sits down the Verser, and saith to the Setter, what sirha, wilt thou giue mee a quart of wine, or shall I giue thee one? [etc.]. 1606 Chapman Mons. D'Ol. (IV.2.43-45)D'Ol: Can he verse? Pac: I, and sett too, my Lord; Hee's both a Setter and a Verser.

vise/vice (n): cock, tap; device for shutting off or regulating the flow of liquid. NFS. Cf. Chapman D'Olive.

whiffler (n): (1) attendants armed with a javelin, battle-axe, sword, or staff, and wearing a chain, employed to keep the way clear for a procession or public spectacle. WS (H5). (2) tobacco smoker. NFS. Cf. Middleton & Rowley Fair Quarrel. (3) trifler, insignificant fellow. Meanings (1) and (3) seem to apply equally to this play.

Parrott considers several factors in placing the composition of the Monsieur D'Olive during the early years of the reign of James I. First is a comment on the creation of knights by James I (I.1.263-67), which had become virtually purchasable.

(IV.2.79080) DICQUE: Purchase their knighthood, my lord? Marry, I
think they come truly by't, for they pay well for't.

Second, the speech on tobacco, discussed in Appendix IV, reflects public discussions about smoking that took place during the years 1602-04.

Third, the theatres were closed from May 1603 to April 1604, because the plague. Parrott further relates (pp. 773-74): "In the autumn and winter of that year three great lords accepted posts as ambassadors, Lenox to France, Hertford to the Archduke in the Low Countries, and Northampton to Spain. The town was all agog over the extraordinary preparations that were being made for these embassies." The Lord Admiral (Northampton) was believed to have taken on a retinue of five hundred, and his extravagant preparations became the subject of common jest. Parrott quotes Winwood's memorials. " Stone the jester ... was well whipped at Bridewell for a blasphemous speech that there went sixty fools into Spain besides my Lord Admiral and his two sons. But he is now at liberty again, and gives his Lordship the praise of a very pitiful Lord." It was not until March, 1605, that the Lord Admiral finally set off for Spain.

Parrott therefore fixes the composition of the play to the autumn and winter of 1605, theorizing that Chapman filled out his story of the lovesick St. Anne with a subplot involving the hilarious misadventures of the insouciant Monsieur D'Olive, a man who accepts life's gifts and buffets with an equal mixture of buffoonery and grace. Inspired by the actions of a far different man, Monsieur D'Olive stands as a unique, joyously comic creation.

Suggested Reading

Parrott, Thomas Marc, ed. The Plays and Poems of George Chapman: The Comedies.London: George Routledge and Sons, Ltd., New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. 1914.

Robertson, J. M. Shakespeare and Chapman. New York: E. P. Dutton & Company, 1917.

APPENDIX II: Connections

(MARKED means marked in Oxford's copy of the Geneva Bible)
(No Match means not marked in Oxford's copy of the Geneva Bible)

Right my wrongs
Gascoigne et al Jocasta (II.1.588) POLY: Since from my right I am with wrong deprived.
Anon. Woodstock (I.3.276) WOODSTOCK: Come, brother York, we soon shall right all wrong,
Iron (I.1.99) COUNTRYMEN: Where is the king, that he may right our wrong?
Penelope (XXVI.2): Who would a widow stay so long, / And nature of her right thus wrong?
Shakes Titus (II.3) TAMORA: Your mother's hand shall right your mother's wrong.
(III.1) TITUS: And swear unto my soul to right your wrongs.
(V.2.4) TAMORA: To join with him and right his heinous wrongs.
Note: Titus first use (per Sams).
Disp. Cromwell (II.3.37) MRS BANISTER: If God did ever right a woman's wrong,
Note also several plays on words:
Disp. Greene's Groatsworth (160-161): ... the threadbare brother here
who, willing to do no wrong, hath lost his child's right:
Chapman D'Olive (I.1.62-63) VAUMONT: The truth is, I have done your known deserts
More wrong than with your right should let you greet me,
And in your absence, which makes worse the wrong,
(I.1.80) VAUMONT: That she should nothing wrong her husband's right,
(I.1.125-26) VANDOME: Virtue is not malicious; wrong done her
Is righted ever when men grant they err.

Everlasting night
Peele Wives (555) SACRA: And for this villain, let him wander up and down,
In naught but darkness and eternal night.
Kyd Sol&Per (I.Ind.27) DEATH: I will not down to everlasting night
(V.1.110) SOLIMAN: To send them down to everlasting night,
Arden (III.2.9) SHAKEBAG: And Arden sent to everlasting night.
Chapman D'Olive (I.1.107-09) VAUMONT: In never-ceasing darkness, never sleeping
But in the day, transformed by her to night, / With all sun banished from her smothered graces;
Bible Many references, esp. Jude 1 being close. Also verses in Rev.

Conceit ... Deep
Lyly Gallathea (III.1) RAMIA: who ... cannot understand these deep conceits:
Woman/Moon (I.1.95) NATURE: Thou art endowed with Saturn's deep conceit,
Anon. Dodypoll (II.3.81): ALPHONSO: Well sir, this drew me into deep conceit,
Willobie (I.10): With deep conceits, and passing wit,
Shakes Pass Pilgrim (8): ...Spenser to me, whose deep conceit is such ...
Chapman D'Olive (I.1.115) VANDOME: Conceit it not so deeply, good my lord;

Honest women
Gascoigne Supposes (IV.2) CRAPINE: Honest woman, you gossip,
thou rotten whore, hearest thou not old witch?
Lyly Sapho, Midas, MB, Woman/Moon
Shakes 2H4 (III.3) HAL: ... Charge an honest / woman with picking thy pocket! ...
Merchant (III.1) SAL: ... as they say, if my gossip / Report be an honest woman of her word.
(III.5) LAUNCE: It is much that the Moor should be more than reason:
but if she be less than an honest woman, she is / indeed more than I took her for.
MWW (III.3) CAIUS: By gar, I see 'tis an honest woman.
(IV.2) FORD: ... Mistress Ford the honest / woman, the modest wife, the virtuous creature, that
hath the jealous fool to her husband! ...-
MM (II.1) ELBOW: Ay, sir; whom, I thank heaven, is an honest woman,--
Pericles (IV.2) MARINA: An honest woman, or not a woman.
(IV.6) MARINA: But amongst honest women.
A&C (V.2) Clown: Very many, men and women too. I heard of one of
them no longer than yesterday: a very honest woman, / but something given to lie; ...
Greene Fr. Bac. (I.1.120-22) PRINCE: Lacy, the fool hath laid a perfect plot;
For why our country Margaret is so coy, / And stands so much upon her honest points
Anon. Locrine (IV.1.39) ESTRILD: But Ladies must regard their honest name.
Willobie (to all the Constant Ladies) assail the Chastity of honest women
(To the gentle ... reader) ... accompted very honest women in some cities now that love ...
Chapman D'Olive (I.1.106) RODERIGUE: What an excellent creature an honest woman is!
(I.1.257-58) MUGERON: if she / be modest, she's a clown; if she be honest, she's a fool;
(I.1.351-52) D'OLIVE: I careful to please my wife, she careless to displease me, shrewish if she be honest, intolerable
Bible Ecclus 40. 18-19 (No Match, NEAR/between 40.12-14 and 40.24). (18) To labor and be content with that a man hath, is a sweet life: but he that findeth a treasure, is above them both. (19) Children, and the building of the city make a perpetual name: but an honest woman is counted above them both.

Painted bait, words, faces, hooks
Oxford Sonnet: (Love thy Choice): Who first did paint with colours pale thy face ?
Lyly Sapho (II.1.22) SYBILLA: Be not proud of beauty's painting,
whose colors consume themselves because they are beauty's painting.
(III.4) VENUS: But truth is a she, and so always painted.
PHAO: I think a painted truth.
Greene Pandosto (Para. 64):"Nay therefore," (quoth Dorastus) maids must love, because they are young; for Cupid is a child, and Venus, though old, is painted with fresh colors."
Anon. Locrine (IV.2.91): Oh that sweet face painted with nature's dye,
Willobie (XLII.10): Esteem not this a painted bait,
(XXX.1): How fine they feign, how fair they paint,
(LVIII.4): Catch fools as fish, with painted hooks.
Shakes Shrew (I.1) KATH: And paint your face and use you like a fool.
Hamlet (III.1.51-53) CLAUDIUS: [Aside] The harlot's cheek, beautied with plastering art,
Is not more ugly to the thing that helps it ...
Hamlet (III.1.150): I have heard of your paintings, too.
Also see Hamlet (II.1.142.46)
Timon (IV.3) TIMON: No matter: -- wear them, betray with them: whore still;
Paint till a horse may mire upon your face, / A pox of wrinkles!
Nashe Penniless: since her picture is set forth in so many painted faces here at home.
Absurdity: for fear of pricking their fingers when they are painting their faces;
Chapman D'Olive (I.1.203-5) RODERIGUE: Thou believst all's natural beauty that shows
fair, though the painter enforce it, and sufferst in soul, I know, / for the honorable lady.
Bible Shaheen ascribes cosmetic references to Isa. 3.16 (No Match).

Heart ... Tongue
Golding Ovid Met. (XI.654): In hart was shee: in toong was shee: ...
Gascoigne et al Jocasta (II.1.105) POLY: His tongue should never with his heart agree.
Lodge Wounds (I.1.230) SCILLA: Graybeard, if so thy heart and tongue agree,
Lyly Campaspe (IV.2.4-5) CAMPASPE: Tush, better thy tongue wag than thy heart break.
(IV.2.25-26) CAMPASPE: If your tongue were made of the same flesh that your heart is,
(IV.2.31) CAMPASPE: Whet their tongues on their hearts.
Love's Met. (IV.2) PROTEA: ... the face of a virgin but the heart of a fiend,
whose sweet tongue sheddeth more drops of blood than it uttereth syllables.
MB (II.1.105) POLY: and like with her heart / before she consent with her tongue.
(V.4) CELIA: as though our hearts were tied to their tongues
Kyd Sp Tr (III.1.175): HIER: My grief no heart, my thoughts no tongue can tell.
(IV.1.473) HIER: First take my tongue and afterwards my heart. [He bites out his tongue.]
Shakes 24 examples, including:
2H6 (III.1): But that my heart accordeth with my tongue,
LLL (V.2): A heavy heart bears not a nimble tongue:
Edw3 (III.2) K. EDWARD: Thus from the heart's aboundant speaks the tongue:
MM (I.4): tongue far from heart--play with all virgins so:
Coriolanus (III.2): Must I with base tongue give my noble heart
JC (II.4): Set a huge mountain 'tween my heart and tongue!
Anon. Weakest (V.18-19) UGO: Of whence are you? Speak quickly, least my sword
Prevent your tongues by searching of your hearts.
Willobie (XXXIV.1): My heart is strong, though tongue be weak, ...
(XLII.6) My pen doth write, my heart hath swore, My tongue such speech shall use no more.
(LXIII.1) My tongue, my hand, my ready heart, / That spake, that felt, that freely thought,
Chapman D'Olive [I.1.234-35] RODERIGUE: ... too too manifest signs that her heart
went hand-in-hand with her tongue.

Difference ... man
Chapman D'Olive (II.1.22) EURIONE: Good Lord, what difference is in men!
Shakes TNK (II.1.55) J's DAUGHT: It is a holiday to look on them. Lord, the difference of men!

Quick ... Dead
Golding Ovid Met (IX.486-87): ... And alyve a Prophet shall go seeke
His owne quicke ghoste among the dead, the earth him swallowing in.
(X.557): That neither with my life the quick, nor with my death the dead
Shakes Rich3 (I.2) ANNE: Either heaven with lightning strike the / murderer dead,
Or earth, gape open wide and eat him quick, ...
LLL (V.2) COSTARD: Then shall Hector be whipped for Jaquenetta that is
quick by him and hanged for Pompey that is dead by / him.
EDW3 (III.1) MARINER: And darkness did as well enclose the quick,
As those that were but newly reft of life; ...
AWEW (V.3) DIANA: So there's my riddle: one that's dead is quick:
Hamlet (V.1) HAM: 'tis for the dead, not for the quick; therefore thou liest.
LAERTES: Now pile your dust upon the quick and dead,
Anon. Dodypoll (V.2.2): Nor quick nor dead can I behold my son.
Nashe Absurdity: What shall I say of him that, being asked from what woman a man should
keep himself, answered, From the quick & from the dead,
Chapman M. D'Olive (II.1.209-10): VANDOME: In whom a quick form of my dear dead sister
Will fire his heavy spirits. ...
Bible John 5.21; Romans 8.11 (Chapter headings MARKED).
See also 2Tim. 4.1; 1Peter 4.5; Acts 10.42, Eph. 2.1 and 5.

Mind ... Kingdom
Oxford poem: My mind to me a kingdom is. (attribution: May)
Chapman D'Olive (II.2.20-22) MUGERON: It is not safe (says he) to build his nest
So near the eagle; his mind is his kingdom, / His chamber is a court of all good wits;

Apparel (clothes ... man)
Lyly Plot of Gallathea ie GALLATHEA: I perceive that boys are in as great disliking of themselves as maids; therefore though I wear the apparel, I am glad I am not the person.
Mother Bombie
Greene Fr Bac (II.4.66-67) MILES: To cease of this quarrel, look but on his apparel;
Then mark but my talis, he is the great Prince of Walis,
Anon. Nobody (131-33) WENCH: And shall I go in fine clothes like a Lady
ARCHIGALLO: Thou shalt.
WENCH: I'll be a lady then, that's flat. ...
Dodypoll (V.2.5): Aye, Sir, apparel makes the man.
Nashe Absurdity: Whenas the outward garment, not the inward virtue, must be fain to commend a man, it is all one as if a man should love the snake for his grey-colored skin, or poison because it is in a silver piece, or pilgrim-salve because it is in a painted box.
Shakes Hamlet (I.3) POL: For the apparel oft proclaims the man,
Chapman D'Olive (II.2.63-65) D'OLIVE: Gentlemen: their bearing bewrays no less; it
goes not always by apparel. I do allow you to suit
yourselves anew in my colors at your own charges.

Gyges Ring
Oxford poem (Vain Desire verse 3: Allusion to King Candalus)
Rare is reward where none can justly crave,
For chance is choice where Reason makes no claim;
Yet luck sometimes despairing souls doth save,
A happy star made Giges joy attain.
A slavish smith, of rude and rascal race,
Found means in time to gain a Goddess' grace.
Greene Card of Fancy: Allusion to King Candalus.
Selimus (22.30-31): We thought you had old Gyges' wondrous ring, ... [22.30]
That so you were invisible to us.
Anon. Leic Gh (538-40): Gyges (538-40): Know then, that Gyges went invisible
By turning of the sigil of his ring / Towards his palm, and thereby slew the king,
See Nina Green: Notes on Leicester's Ghost.
Chapman D'Olive (II.2.85-87) D'Olive: and thought myself
As private as I had King G[yges'] ring / And could have gone invisible,
(V.2.7-8) MUGERON: let him enjoy the benefit of the
enchanted ring, and stand awhile invisible;

Note: The editor of Selimus refers to Gyges as a humble shepherd living in Lydia, who discovered the magical ring and used it to assassinate King Candalus, marry the queen, and became king.

Oxford poem and Greene Card of Fancy derived from Herodotus:
Candaules was a king of ancient Lydia who thought his wife the most beautiful woman in Lydia, and in proof of this insisted that one of his favorite bodyguards, Gyges, secretly view the queen naked while she was undressing for bed. The queen noticed Gyges lurking behind the bedroom door, but said nothing. The next morning she called him to her and told him that since the king had dishonored her, Gyges' only options were either to be killed on the spot by her servants or to kill the king, become king himself, and marry her, which Gyges did. (De Selincourt, Herodotus, Penguin, c1972, pp.44-46)

But an allusion in Leicester's Ghost to Gyges 'turning the sigil of his ring towards his palm' so as to make himself invisible is not found in Herodotus. The author of Leic. Gh. therefore knew another version of the Gyges story. In a footnote to the Penguin edition of Herodotus, John
Marincola cites other sources of the story.

Gyges (Guggu) is attested as king of the Lydians in Assyrian records, according to which he was inspired by a dream to seek the Assyrian king's help against an invasion of the Cimmerians in the 660s or 650s. The wealth of Gyges was well known to the Greeks and is mentioned by the poet Archilochos. His accession to the throne appears elsewhere in Greek literature, although it is uncertain whether any of the other versions are earlier than Herodotus.

A papyrus fragment of a tragedy had the murder of Candaules and the accession of Gyges as its theme: for the text and discussion see D.L. Page, A New Chapter in the History of Greek Tragedy (Cambridge 1951); see also J. Evans, 'Herodotus and the Gyges Drama', Athenaeum 43 (1955) 333-6. For other versions see Pedley 35-6. On the thematic importance of this opening story see Flory 29-38).

Legal terms: Call in question; Neck-verse
Lyly Campaspe (I.1.15) CLYTUS: You mistake me Parmenio, if whilst I commend Alexander you imagine I call Philip into question;
Marlowe Jew of Malta (IV.1) PILIA-BORZA. Upon mine own free-hold, within forty foot of the gallows, conning his neck-verse,
Edw 2 (I.4.152) QUEEN: But thou must call mine honor thus in question?
(II.4.55) QUEEN: Mine honor will be call'd in question;
Anon. Leir (12.50-52) MESS: Madam, I hope your Grace will stand Betweene me and my neck-verse, if I be Calld in question, for opening the Kings letters.
(15.34) RAGAN: He had bin call'd in question for his fact.
Martin's Protestation: wherein either life, goods or good name is called in question,
Tracts: let not our places be called in question,
Shakes 12th (I.4) VIOLA: that / you call in question the continuance of his love:
T&C (III.2) PANDARUS: ... if she call your activity in question. ...
wherein either life, goods, or good name is called in question,
(IV.4) TROILUS: I do not call your faith in question / So mainly as my merit: ...
JC (IV.3) BRUTUS: And call in question our necessities.
Chapman D'Olive (II.2.151-52) : D'OLIVE: and yet newly / Called into question; ...
Bible: Neck verse: he opening of the 51st Psalm (No Match).

Venereal disease: Bone ache, Frenchman's badge
Disp. Greene's Groat (773-74): and the loathsome scourge of lust tyrannized in his bones;
Nashe Penniless: tis not their new bonnets will keep them from the old
bone-ache. Ware when a man's sins are written on his eyebrows, and
that there is not a hair-breadth betwixt them and the falling of sickness.
the hair-shirt will chase whoredom out of their bones,
Shakes R&J (II.6.110-14): The sweetest honey / Is loathsome in its own deliciousness,
And in the taste confounds the appetite. / Therefore love moderately.
Oth (I.3.347-49): The food that to him now is as luscious as locusts,
shall be to him shortly as acerb as the coloquintida.
T&C (II.3) whole camp! or rather, the bone-ache! for that,
(III.3) High birth, vigour of bone, desert in service,
(V.1.17-21) : limekilns i' the palm, incurable bone-ache, and the ...
MM (I.2.54-55) LUCIO: ... thy bones are hollow, impiety has made a feast of thee.
Dry bones, the Frenchman's badge, the pox
Anon. Willobie (Title Page) ... but she that maketh him ashamed, is as corruption in his bones.
(V.2): When Moab maidens allured their fall;
Willobie abounds in references to Frenchman's badge, bone-ache, etc.
Chapman D'Ol (II.2.293-95) D'OLIVE: The murr, the headache, the catarrh, the bone-ache,
or other branches of the sharp salt rheum / Fitting a gentleman.
Bible Prov. 5.3-4 For the lips of a strange woman drop as an honeycomb,
and her mouth is more soft than oil. But the end of her is as bitter as wormwood,
& as sharp as a two-edged sword (No Match).

Filth/Foul ... Sink
Golding Ovid Met (XV.349): Whoo hath not heard of Salmacis, that fowle and filthye sink?
Marlowe Edw3 (V.5.4-5) EDWARD: This dungeon where they keep me is the sink
Wherein the filth of all the castle falls.
Shakes 2H6 (IV.1) CAPT: ... Ay, kennel, puddle, sink; whose filth and dirt
Troubles the silver spring where England drinks.
Anon. Willobie (I.18): Can filthy sink yield wholesome air, ...
Sidney Antony (I.1.121): Sunk in foul sink: mean while respecting nought
Chapman D'Ol (II.2.206) D'OLIVE: From the foul sink of Romish popery,

Shield, God's Shield
Golding Ovid Met (VII.51): God shield I so should doo.
Abraham (302-04) SONG: O happy is the wight / That grounds him selfe aright / On God, and maketh him his shield:
Gascoigne et al Jocasta (II.1.628) CHORUS: God shield.
Lyly Campaspe (III.2.47-48) PSYLLUS: The gods shield me from such a fine fellow,
whose words melt wits like wax.
(III.4.91) APELLES: God shield you should have cause to be as cunning as Apelles.
Gallathea (II.3) PETER: god shield me from blowing gold to nothing,
Midas (III.3) SOPHRONIA: The gods shield him from all harms.
Shakes R&J (IV.1) PARIS: God shield I should disturb devotion!
MND (III.1) BOTTOM: God shield us! -- a lion among ladies, is a most dreadful thing...
AWEW (I.3) COUNTESS: ... God shield you mean it not! daughter and mother
Greene James IV (I.3.15) EUSTACE: A wife! God shield, Sir Bartram, that were ill,
Anon. Woodstock (III.2) WOODSTOCK: we are beset (heaven shield) with many storms.
Leir (30.31-32) CORDELLA: We that are feeble, and want use of Armes,
Will pray to God, to sheeld you from all harmes.
Willobie (III.3 I): have by grace a native shield,
(IX.1): God shield me from your cursed crew
Penelope (XVIII.1-2): Ulysses dear, the Gods thee shield, / And send thee home well to return,
(XXXIV.4): (Whom for to shield the Gods I pray)
Chapman D'Olive (III.2.30) D'OL: above all sins, heaven shield me from the sin of blushing!
(III.2.42-43) D'OL: heaven shield me from any / more followers!
Bible Ps. 84.9, 11; Prov. 30.5 Every word of God is pure; he is a shield to those that trust in him (No Match).

House ... Head
Chapman D'Olive (III.2.163-75) D'Olive: so sets his fortunes on't, turns two or three tenements / into trunks, and creeps home again with less than a snail, / not a house to hide his head in.
Shakes AsYou (IV.1) ROSALINE: ... for though he comes slowly, he carries his house on his head; a better jointure, I think, than you make a woman: besides he brings his destiny with him.
Timon (III.4) 2D SERV: Who can speak broader than he that has no / house to put his head in?
Lear (III.2) FOOL: He that has a house to put's head in has a good / head-piece. / The cod-piece that will house / Before the head has any, / The head and he shall louse;

Pass ... Pikes
Chapman(III.2.199) D'OLIVE: little know they what pikes their feathers must pass
Note Oxford letter 10-7-1601: "passed the pikes of so many adversaries" (Fowler p. 599)
Shakes Venus & Adonis (620) ... he hath a battle set of bristly pikes, that ...

Classical References: Acheron, the fiery lake of Greek mythology (see also God/Punishment/Lake/burning, fiery)
Golding Ovid Met (V.669-70): Save onely one Ascalaphus whome Orphne, erst a Dame
Among the other Elves of Hell not of the basest fame,
Bare to hir husbande Acheron within hir duskie den.
Kyd Sp Tr (I. Ind.19-20): When I was slain, my soul descended straight
To pass the flowing stream of Acheron: ...
(III.12.800): ... And 'twixt his teeth he holds a fire-brand
That leads unto the lake where hell doth stand.
(III.16.1405-07) GHOST: To combat Acheron and Erebus.
For ne'er, by Styx and Phlegethon in hell, / O'er-ferried Charon to the fiery lakes
(IV.4.227-28) VICEROY: Or to the loathsome pool of Acheron,
To weep my want for my sweet Balthazar:
Anon. Locrine (III.6.51-54) HUMBER: Through burning sulphur of the Limbo-lake,
To allay the burning fury of that heat / That rageth in mine everlasting soul.
(IV.2.62-64) HUMBER: The hunger-bitten dogs of Acheron,
Chased from the nine-fold Puriflegiton, / Have set their footsteps in this damned ground.
(IV.4.17) HUMBER: You damned ghosts of joyless Acheron,
Shakes MND (III.2) OBERON: The starry welkin cover thou anon
With drooping fog as black as Acheron,
TA (IV.3) TITUS: He doth me wrong to feed me with delays.
I'll dive into the burning lake below, / And pull her out of Acheron by the heels. ...
Macbeth (III.5) MAC: But make amends now: get you gone, / And at the pit of Acheron
Chapman D'Olive (IV.1.51-52) VANDOME: Of Heaven, and Earth, and deepest Acheron;

Enchanter
Anon. Romeus and Juliet (2795) Wherby they did suppose, inchaunters to be comme,
Lyly Mother Bombie -- decisive somewhat benign character.
Loves Met. (IV.2) PROTEA: Believe not this enchantress, sweet youth,
Greene Orl Fur: decisive benign character.
Peele Old Wives: major character
{84-05) SACRAPANT: He in whose life his acts have been so foul,
Now in his death to hell descends his soul. [Dies.]
Anon. Dodypoll: major character
Sidney Antony (I.1.80) Breaks from th'enchanter that him strongly held.
Chapman D'Olive (IV.1.95-98) VAUMONT: ... Could you crown th' enchantments
Of your divine wit with another spell, / Of power to bring my wife out of her cell,
You should be our quick Hermes, our Alcides.
Bible Rev. 22.15 For without shall be dogs & enchanters, & whoremongers, & murderers, & idolators, & whosoever loveth or maketh lies (MARKED). Jer.27.9 Therefore hear not your Prophets nor your soothsayers, nor your dreamers, nor your enchanters, nor your sorcerers, ... (No Match).

Grammar lession
Chapman D'Olive (IV.2) The grammar lesson is reminiscent of Endymion (III.2), another grammar lesson involving pert and snippy pages. Similar grammatical exchanges are found elsewhere in the works of Lyly, whose father was the author of the standard teacher's book of grammar. In Monsieur D'Olive the pages are somewhat less witty than those of Lyly, while their employer D'Olive, moreover, is in on the joke and is considerably more clever than the hapless employers in Lyly's plays. Such scenes display a direct line of descent from Lyly's inventive master/page subplots.

Queen Elizabeth Identified
Always the Same: Queen Elizabeth motto: semper eadem (always the same).
Gascoigne Passion (9): Alwaies in one and evermore shal be,
Sundrie Flowers (Ever/Never)
Anon. Willobie Always the same/Avisa: (XXXII, XLI, XLIII, LXII, LXXII)
Shakes Sonnet (76): ... Why write I still all one, ever the same,
Sonnet (116): Love is not love / Which alters when it alteration finds,
Chapman D'Olive (IV.2.59-61) D'OLIVE: They are deceived that think so; I must confess
it would make a fool proud, but for me, I am semper idem.
(63) D'OLIVE: I find no alteration in myself in the world,
Note: Chapman's variations on the Elizabethan motto are reflected in several Shakespeare sonnets.

Gross head
Golding Ovid Met (XIII.168): Is such a dolt and grosshead, as he shows himself to be
Brooke Romeus (2626): Than either I do mind to say, or thy gross head can deem.
Gascoigne Supposes (II.1) DULIPO: Out upon me, what a gross-headed fool am I?
Marprelate (#4): Again, none would be so gross-headed as to gather,
Nashe Summers (1668) SUMMER: Gross-headed sot, how light he makes of state!
Chapman D'Olive (IV.2.158) MUG: that ever I choosed such a gross block to whet my wits on.

Raging fire
Golding Ovid Met (II.322): Amid Cayster of this fire the raging heat was felt
(III.719): The more they did provoke his wrath, and set his rage on fire.
(IV.81-82): The closelier they supprest / The fire of love, the fiercer still it raged in their breast.
(IX.645): I then were striken to the heart, although the raging flame
Anon. Willobie (XXXI.6): Whose veins even now were fill'd with raging fire?(IV.1.9-10) ALBERDURE: What sudden cold is this that makes me shake,veins even now were fill'd with raging fire?
Chapman M. D'Olive (V.1..12) VANDOME: That rage may fire out grief, and so restore her

Cloudy look
Marlowe T2 (I.3.4) TAMB: Whose cheerful looks do clear the cloudy air
Anon. Ironside (III.5.60): EDRICUS: with th' least encounter of a cloudy look,
Shakes PassPil (19): Her cloudy looks will calm ere night:
Chapman D'Olive (V.2.25) VANDOME: Sister, cloud not your forehead;

Scatology: Dunghill
Harvey (1593): PierceÕs Supererogation (in an apparent reference to Oxford) ... there is a cap of maintenance, called Im-pu-dency: and what say to him, that in a super-abundance of that same odd capricious humour, find-eth no such want in England as of an Aretine, that might strip these golden Asses out of their gay trappings, and after he had ridden them to death with railing, leave them on the dung-hill for carrion?
Anon Ironside (I.1.222-29) LEOFRIC: Oh what a grief is it to noble bloods
to see each base-born groom promoted up, / each dunghill brat arreared to dignity,
(III.5.1-3) CANUTUS: A plague upon you all for arrant cowards!
Look how a dunghill cock, not rightly bred, / doth come into the pit with greater grace,
Weakest (XVI.158) BRABANT: Never begot but of some dunghill churl.
Willobie (XII.1): Thou beggar's brat, thou dung-hill mate,
Thou clownish spawn, thou country gill,
My love is turned to wreakful hate, / Go hang, and keep thy credit still,
Gad where thou list, aright or wrong, / I hope to see thee beg, ere long.
Cromwell (I.2.68) CROM: And from the dunghill minions do advance
Greene Alph (V.3.64) AMURACK: Into the hands of such a dunghill Knight?
(V.3.70) ALPH: 'Villain,' sayest thou? 'Traitor' and 'dunghill Knight?'
Shakes 1H6 (I.3): Shall I be flouted thus by dunghill grooms?
2H6 (I.3): Base dunghill villain and mechanical,
(IV.10): Unto a dunghill which shall be thy grave,
LLL (V.1): Go to; thou hast it ad dunghill, at the fingers'
O, I smell false Latin; dunghill for unguem.
KING JOHN: Out, dunghill! darest thou brave a nobleman?
MWW (I.3): Then did the sun on dunghill shine.
2H4 (V.3): Shall dunghill curs confront the Helicons?
H5 (IV.3): Dying like men, though buried in your dunghills,
AsYou (I.1): which his animals on his dunghills are as much
LEAR (III.7): Upon the dunghill. Regan, I bleed apace:
(IV.6): Out, dunghill!
Nashe Summers (449): How base is pride from his own dung-hill put!
Chapman D'Olive (V.2.100) D'OLIVE: raked like old rags out of dunghills / by candlelight,

Play the fool
Oxford Poem (If women could be fair): And then we say when we their fancy try,
To play with fools, O what a fool was I
Watson Hek (LXVIII): I sat in Folly's ship, and play'd the fool,
(XCV): Or once again will play the loving fool,
Shakes MV (I.1) GRATIANO: Let me play the fool: ...
But fish not, with this melancholy bait, / For this fool gudgeon, this opinion. ...
(III.5) LORENZO: How every fool can play upon the word!
12th (III.1) VIOLA: This fellow is wise enough to play the fool
Hamlet (III.1) HAMLET: Let the doors be shut upon him, that he may play the
fool no where but in's own house.
AWEW (II.2) COUNTESS: I play the noble housewife with the time
To entertain't so merrily with a fool.
Chapman D'Olive (V.2.105-07) D'OLIVE: And a man will play the fool / and be a lord, or be a fool and play the lord, he shall be / sure to want no followers,\

APPENDIX III: Vocabulary, Word Formation

Distinctive Words, Phrases:
at the full; the Court's as 'twere the stage; to be dislocated or unfurnished of ... my properties; to imp out my train; look you (Welsh?); way of all flesh; wit's become a free trade for all sorts to live by.

Compound Words (*surely unusual): 54 words (26 nouns, 27 adj, 2 adv).
almanac-monger (n), ballet-maker (n), bass-viol (n), bat-like* (a), best-loved (a), blabber-lipped* (a), bone-ache (n), bough-pots (n), bowling-alley (n), brother-in-law (n), close-stool (n), coach-horse (n), coney's-wool (n), dicing-house (n), double-locked (a), far-shooting (a), foot-cloth (n), freckle-face (a), freely-choosed (a), half-step (n), hand-in-hand (adv), hobby-horse (n), hot-livered (a), long-deceased (a), long-kept (a), love-letter (n), many-headed (a), morris-dance (n), mourning-habit (n), never-ceasing (a), new-born (a), new-flayed (a), night-walker (n), parcel-gilt (a), pea-goose (n), pent-house (n), piece-meal (adv), shoeing-horn (n), soul-exciting (a), stiff-hammed (a), stop-cater-trey (n), sun-like (a), supple-jointed (a), thought-on (a), thread-bare (a), tongue-tied (a), twelve-month (n, a), tyrant-like* (a), vaulting-house (n), waiting-maid (n), waiting-woman (n), well-paced (a), well-weighed (a), wild-goose (a)
Note three unusual compounds with the suffix "-like". For instance, Ironside has one such word, the common "warlike".
(rumor/gossip) the many-headed beast
No verbs except as participles.

Words beginning with "con" (*surely unusual): 40 words (14 verbs, 19 nouns, 8 adj, 2 adv).
concealed (a), conceit (v), conclude (v), conclusion (n), conceit (n), concourse (n), condemned (a), condition (n), conduct (v), confess (v), confession (n), congregation (n), conjuration (n), conjure (v), consecrate (v, a), conserves (n), consider (v), consolatory* (a), consort (n, v), constable (n), constancy (n), constant (a), constantly (adv), construction (n), consume (v), contain (v), contemn (v), contemplation (n), content (a, n), contentment (n), continue (v), continual (a), continually (adv), continence (n), contrary (n), convenient (a), conventicle* (n), converse (v), convey (v), conveyance (n)

Words beginning with "dis" (*surely unusual): 33 words (19 verbs, 10 nouns, 6 adj, 1 adv).
disarrayed (v), disaster (n), discern (v), discontent (n), discourse (v, n), discover (v), discipline (n), discourse (n), discover (v), disease (n), disgrace (v), disguised (v, a), dishonor (n), dislocated* (v), disloyal (a), disordered (a), dispair (v), dispatch (n, v), disperse (v), displease (v), dispose (v), dispraise (v), disproportion* (v), dispute (v), dissemble (v), dissembling (a), dissolve (v), dissuasion (n), dissuasive* (a), distance (n), distinctly (adv), distressed (a), disturb (v)

Words beginning with "mis": 6 words (1 verb, 4 nouns, 1 adj).
misconceit (n), misconduct (n), misconstruction (n), miserable (a), mistook (v), mistress (n)

Words beginning with "over": 3 words (2 verbs, 1 adj).
overhear (v), overshine (v), overthrown (a)

Words beginning with "pre" *surely unusual): 16 words (7 verbs, 7 nouns, 3 adj, 1 adv).
precious (a), predecessors (n), predicables* (n), prefer (v), prepare (v), preparing (v), presence (n), present (v, a, n), presenting (n), presently (adv), preserve (v), presume (v), presumption (n), presumptuous (a), pretending (n), prevent (v)

Words beginning with "re" (*surely unusual): 51 words (27 verbs, 20 nouns, 6 adj).
reassume (v), rebuke (n), receive (v), reckon (v), recluse (n), recommend (v), reconcilement (n), recure (n), redeem (v), refraction (n), refrain (v), regard (n, v), regenerate (a), region (n), reject (v), relate (v), relator* (n), relative (n), release (v), religion (n), remain (v), remedy (n), remember (v), remembered (a), renewed (a), repair (n), repent (v), repented (a), reply (v), report (n), require (v), requite (v), requiting (n), resemblance (n), resembling (v), reserve (v), resolution (n), resolve (v), resolved (a), resort (v), resound (v), respect (n), restore (v), restoring (a), retain (v), retire (v), retrieve (v), return (v, n), reveler (n), revenue (n), revive (v)

Words beginning with "un","in"
Words beginning with "in" (surely unusual): 41 words
(11 verbs, 15 nouns, 13 adj, 1 adv, 1 prep, 1 conj).
inamorate (a), incensed (a), incline (v), income (n), incontinent (a), incorruptible (a), increase (v), incredible (a), indeed (conj), industrious (a), infallible (a), infinite (a), inflame (v), injure (v), injury (n), innocency (n), innumerable (a), inquire (v), insolence (n), insolent (a), inspiration (n), installment (n), instantly (adv), instruct (v), instrument (n), intellect (n), intelligence (n), intelligencer* (n), intended (a), intent (n), intention (n), inter (v), intercourse (n), interest (n, v), interjection (n), into (prep), intolerable (a), intreat (v), inveigh (v), invented (v), invisible (a)
Words beginning with "in"(* surely unusual): 25 words (6 verbs, 17 adj, 2 prep, 1 conj).
unborn (a), unburied (a), unbuttoned (a), uncertain (a), undone (v), unfurnished (v), unguilty (a), unhappy (a), unholy (a), unjust (a), unknown (a), unless (conj), unmarried (a), unmatched (a), unready (a), unseen (a), unsufficed* (a), untaught* (v, a), unto (prep), unworthy (a)
under (prep), undergo (v), underneath (a), understand (v), undertake (v)

Words ending with "able" (*surely unusual): 19 words (2 nouns, 17 adj).
abominable (a), admirable (a), answerable (a), capable (a), changeable (a), commendable (a), constable (n), honorable (a), innumerable (a), intolerable (a), laudable (a), miserable (a), penetrable (a), predicables* (n), probable (a), reasonable (a), sociable (a), suitable (a), variable (a)

Words ending with "less": 11 words (10 adj, 1 conj).
breathless (a), careless (a), causeless (a), ceaseless (a), hapless (a), helpless (a), matchless (a), ruthless (a), senseless (a), spotless (a), unless (conj)

Words ending with "ness" (*surely unusual): 22 words (all nouns).
boldness (n), business (n), coyness (n), darkness (n), emptiness (n), forwardness (n), goodness (n), greatness (n), grossness (n), happiness (n), heaviness (n), highness (n), kindness(n), lightness (n), likeness (n), madness (n), obscureness* (n), rudeness (n), sadness (n), softness (n), strangeness (n), sweetness (n)

Reflexives: bethink myself), borne herself), contain yourself), enlarge yourself), entomb himself), hang myself), hide himself), horse themselves), inflame itself), love myself), possess myself), prepare yourself), reserve yourself), resolve yourself), retire yourself), shame myself), show yourself), suit yourselves), thought myself), waste herself), won itself), wrong not yourself

Thomas Marc Parrott (p. 786-87) discusses the hilarious diatribe against tobacco (II.2) as follows:

An ancient subject and yet newly call'd into question. The subject of tobacco smoking had been called into question, i.e. made a matter of debate, with great vehemence shortly before the composition of this play. The controversy began apparently with the publication of a tract entitled Work for Chimney Sweepers, 1602, the anonymous author of which alleges eight reasons against tobacco, the author and finder of which he declares to have been 'the Divell'. This provoked A Defence of Tobacco, 1602. Shortly after his accession to the English throne King James published, 1604, anonymously his well-known A Counterblast to Tobacco, in which he took occasion to sneer at Raleigh, whose example, apparently, had done much to make smoking fashionable. In the same year James under cover of attacking an idle luxury raised the import duty on tobacco from 2d. to six shillings and tenpence per pound. On the third day of King James's visit to Oxford in August, 1605, there was a public debate on the question: Utrum frequens suffitus nicotianae exoticae sit sanis et salutaris. Dr. Cheynell, of Corpus Christi, defended tobacco in a humorous speech, but the King naturally pronounced a verdict for the negative. In The Queen's Arcadia, a pastoral by Samuel Daniel, played before the Queen at Christ Church during the royal visit there is an amusing onslaught on tobacco, quite in the spirit of James. Alcon, a quacksalver, tells how he met a seaman who had brought from the island of Nicosia a certain weed:

The humour of this debate lies especially in the fact that he sets a Puritan, a sect most obnoxious to the King, arguing against smoking.

The Elizabethan Authors website is a collaborative effort by Robert Brazil & Barboura Flues
All Rights Reserved. All site contents Copyright © 2003 R. Brazil, B. Flues, and elizabethanauthors.com

Webmaster contact: robertbrazil@juno.com